Replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.
Replication refers to the process of copying or duplicating genetic material (DNA or RNA) within a cell. In most cases, replication is a crucial step in the cell cycle that precedes cell division and ensures that the resulting daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell (with some exceptions).
In DNA replication (which occurs in almost all cells except some viruses that use RNA as their genetic material), the double-stranded DNA molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of new complementary strands. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the replication reaction is called DNA polymerase. The process begins with the separation of the two strands of the double helix, often initiated by a protein called helicase. Single-stranded DNA binding proteins coat the separated strands to prevent them from re-annealing. Primase creates an RNA “primer” on each strand, which is then extended by the DNA polymerase. The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments, which are then joined together by DNA ligase. The result is two new double-stranded DNA molecules that are identical to each other and to the original DNA molecule.
In RNA replication (which occurs in some viruses that use RNA as their genetic material), the RNA molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of new complementary RNA strands. The enzyme responsible for this process is called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Unlike DNA replication, RNA replication is often error-prone and can result in genetic diversity among viral offspring.
Overall, replication is a highly regulated and essential process that ensures genetic continuity and stability within a cell or organism.
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