formal operational
the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Formal operational is a stage of cognitive development proposed by psychologist Jean Piaget. It is the fourth and final stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which starts from infancy and continues into adolescence. In this stage, individuals have the ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and hypothesize about the future.
Some key characteristics of formal operational thinking include the ability to use deductive reasoning to draw conclusions from hypothetical situations, manipulate symbols and ideas in the mind, engage in complex problem-solving, think beyond the here and now, think about multiple perspectives simultaneously, and consider hypothetical outcomes and possibilities.
For example, a teenager in the formal operational stage may be presented with a theoretical situation and asked to reason through it. They can use logic to work through the problem and draw a conclusion based on their reasoning, even though they may not have experienced a similar situation in reality. They can also consider the potential impact of various outcomes before making a decision.
Overall, the formal operational stage is an important achievement in cognitive development as it allows individuals to think abstractly and solve complex problems.
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