Prokaryotes
cells without nucleus and membrane bound organelles- much simpler
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and any other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes or endoplasmic reticulum. They are one of the two main types of living organisms, the other being eukaryotes. Prokaryotes were the first organisms to evolve on earth and continue to play important roles in the biosphere.
Prokaryotes are classified into two main domains: Bacteria and Archaea. Bacteria are found in a wide range of environments including soil, water, air, and the bodies of plants and animals. They can be spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), or spiral-shaped (spirilla) and are characterized by their cell wall composition which can be different in different types of bacteria.
Archaea, on the other hand, are found in extreme environments such as hot springs, deep-sea vents, and highly saline environments. They can be similar in shape to bacteria but their cell walls are different and they have unique lipids in their membranes that protect them from harsh environmental conditions.
Prokaryotes are essential to life on earth as they are involved in many ecosystem processes such as cycling of nutrients, carbon fixation, and decomposition. They also have many industrial and medical applications such as production of antibiotics, food processing, and genetic engineering.
In terms of reproduction, most prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This process is rapid and allows for rapid growth and colonization of a particular environment. However, some prokaryotes can also exchange genetic material through conjugation, transformation, or transduction, allowing them to adapt to changing environments and acquire new traits.
Overall, prokaryotes are diverse and important organisms that have shaped the evolution and functioning of the biosphere for billions of years.
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