translocation
Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome.
Translocation refers to a type of chromosomal aberration or mutation that occurs when a segment of one chromosome breaks off and becomes attached to another chromosome.
This can result in several genetic disorders and diseases, including leukemia, lymphoma, and some autoimmune disorders.
Translocations can be classified into two main types: reciprocal and Robertsonian. A reciprocal translocation occurs when two chromosomes exchange fragments with each other. A Robertsonian translocation, on the other hand, occurs when the long arms of two acrocentric chromosomes (chromosomes with a centromere very close to one end) fuse together and the short arms are lost.
In some cases, translocations may cause no symptoms or effects. However, they can also lead to abnormal development or function of genes, disruption of gene regulation, or formation of hybrid genes that produce abnormal proteins.
Diagnosis of translocations usually involves genetic testing, such as karyotyping or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Treatment options may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. Genetic counseling is also recommended for individuals and families affected by translocations.
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