Immune Response to Extracellular Parasitic Infections: The Role of B and T Cells.

Immune response to extracellular parasites:

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Parasitic infections can be caused by a diverse range of extracellular parasites such as protozoa, helminths or arthropods. The immune response to these parasites is primarily directed by the host’s adaptive immune system, including B cells and T cells.

B cells produce specific antibodies against the parasite, which can bind to the parasite’s surface and promote its destruction by phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils. Antibodies can also activate the complement system, which leads to the lysis of the parasite.

T cells play a crucial role in controlling parasitic infections, particularly in the activation of macrophages. When T cells recognize parasite antigens presented by infected cells via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, they secrete cytokines that activate macrophages to kill parasites and enhance inflammation. In addition, T cells can differentiate into different subsets with specific functions. For example, Th1 cells produce cytokines that activate macrophages, while Th2 cells stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.

In addition to the adaptive immune response, the innate immune system can also play a role in combating parasitic infections. For example, eosinophils and basophils can be activated by parasites, leading to the secretion of granules that can promote the killing of parasites.

Overall, the immune response to extracellular parasites is complex and involves a coordinated effort between different immune cells and signaling pathways. Successful control of parasitic infection requires a balanced response that effectively eliminates the parasite while minimizing tissue damage and inflammation.

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