substituents
functional groups hat are not apart of the parent chain name will be placed at the beginning of the name as a prefix if there are multiple of the same substituent than we use di, tri, terta right before the prefix name
Substituents are groups or atoms that can replace or be added to a molecule and can change its physical and chemical properties. A substituent is typically an atom or group of atoms that has replaced one or more hydrogen atoms in an organic molecule.
Substituents can affect the physical properties of a molecule, such as boiling point, melting point, and solubility. They can also change the reactivity of a molecule by altering its electron density and by introducing functional groups that can participate in chemical reactions.
Common substituents in organic chemistry include alkyl groups, which are chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms; halogens such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine; and functional groups such as alcohols, amines, and carboxylic acids.
The presence of substituents in a molecule can also affect its biological activity, as many drugs and natural compounds contain specific substituents that impart their therapeutic or toxic properties. Therefore, understanding the role of substituents in molecules is crucial for designing novel pharmaceuticals and understanding the properties of naturally occurring compounds.
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