functional groups
the reactive portion of a molecule which undergo predictable reactions
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that are responsible for the characteristic properties of organic compounds. They play an important role in determining the reactivity, chemical properties, and biological activities of organic molecules.
There are several types of functional groups, including:
1. Hydroxyl group: The hydroxyl group (-OH) consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom. It is commonly found in alcohols, and contributes to their polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds.
2. Carbonyl group: The carbonyl group (-CO) consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. It is found in aldehydes and ketones, and is responsible for their chemical reactivity.
3. Amino group: The amino group (-NH2) consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. It is found in amino acids and contributes to the basic character of proteins.
4. Carboxyl group: The carboxyl group (-COOH) consists of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group. It is found in carboxylic acids and contributes to their acidic character.
5. Ester group: The ester group (-COO-) consists of a carbonyl group bonded to an oxygen atom, which is in turn bonded to a carbon atom. It is found in esters and contributes to their flavor and fragrance.
6. Phosphate group: The phosphate group (-PO4) consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It is found in nucleic acids and contributes to their essential role in cellular energy storage and transfer.
Understanding functional groups is important for predicting the properties and interactions of organic compounds in various chemical and biological systems.
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