aldol condensation
all alpha hydrogens (around the O=C)
The Aldol condensation is a reaction between an aldehyde or ketone with an α-hydrogen and a base (such as NaOH or KOH), which results in the formation of a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound (an aldol) or an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. The overall reaction involves two steps:
1. The base deprotonates the α-carbon of the aldehyde or ketone, which then attacks the carbonyl carbon of another molecule of the same compound. This forms an enolate anion intermediate.
2. The enolate anion intermediate then reacts with another molecule of the aldehyde or ketone, which leads to a condensation reaction and the formation of a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound or an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound.
The reaction is named after the products that are formed: aldol as a result of the combined reaction of an aldehyde and an alcohol, and condensation as a result of the loss of a water molecule during the reaction.
The Aldol condensation is a powerful tool in organic chemistry, used in the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals. It is also used in the manufacture of many industrial chemicals.
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