Covalent bonds
Covalent bonds are chemical bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between two atoms
Covalent bonds are chemical bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between two atoms. They are formed between nonmetals or between a nonmetal and a hydrogen atom. The shared electrons are located in the overlapping region of the atomic orbitals of the two atoms involved in the bond.
Covalent bonds are generally formed when both atoms have high electronegativity values and are close in electronegativity. Electronegativity refers to an atom’s ability to attract electrons. When two atoms have similar electronegativity values, neither atom completely pulls the shared electrons towards itself, resulting in a balanced sharing of electrons.
The shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond allows both atoms to achieve a more stable and lower energy state. From a molecular standpoint, this bond formation results in the creation of a molecule, which is a stable structure that consists of multiple atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Covalent bonds can be classified into two types: polar covalent bonds and nonpolar covalent bonds. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are not shared equally between the atoms due to differences in their electronegativity. This results in an uneven distribution of electron density, leading to partial charges on the atoms involved. One atom becomes slightly negatively charged (delta negative, δ-) and the other becomes slightly positively charged (delta positive, δ+). An example of a polar covalent bond is the bond between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule (H2O).
On the other hand, in a nonpolar covalent bond, the electrons are shared equally between the atoms because they have similar electronegativity values. This results in an even distribution of electron density, leading to no partial charges on the atoms involved. An example of a nonpolar covalent bond is the bond between two hydrogen atoms (H2).
Covalent bonds have several properties and characteristics. They are generally much stronger than intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding or van der Waals forces, but weaker than ionic bonds. Covalent compounds tend to have lower melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds. Additionally, covalent compounds can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states, depending on factors such as intermolecular forces and molecular structure.
Understanding covalent bonds is crucial in understanding the behavior and properties of covalent compounds, as well as chemical reactions that involve these compounds.
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