What is ground effect?
The result of the interference of the surface of the Earth with the airflow patterns about an airplane.
Ground effect refers to the phenomenon in which a wing or any other lifting surface receives an increased amount of lift when it operates close to the ground or any other surface, such as water. This effect is due to the interaction of the airflow with the ground surface, which modifies the airflow pattern around the wing.
When a wing operates near the ground or water, the pressure on the lower part of the wing increases while the pressure on the upper part of the wing decreases. This pressure differential generates a stronger upward force on the wing and increases the amount of lift that it generates. The result is that the aircraft can fly at a lower airspeed and with less power, making it more efficient.
Ground effect is most pronounced at low altitudes, typically within one wingspan or less from the surface. It is also more significant for larger aircraft with high aspect ratio wings, such as transport aircraft, and for aircraft that fly close to the surface, such as water-skimming planes.
In summary, ground effect can have a significant impact on the performance of aircraft, reducing the required power and increasing the lift. However, it also creates a certain level of instability, which pilots need to be aware of and able to manage.
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