gene segment rearrangements
randomly generate receptors in B and T cells
Gene segment rearrangements refer to a process in which the DNA sequence of different gene segments is rearranged in a particular order to create a diverse set of antibodies or T-cell receptors. This process is known as V(D)J recombination and occurs during the early development of B and T cells.
During V(D)J recombination, enzymes like RAG1 and RAG2 recognize and cut DNA at specific sequences called Recombination Signal Sequences (RSS). The RSS are located close to each gene segment and their positioning and orientation determine which segments are brought together. The rearranged gene segments then encode for a unique antigen-binding site for each B-cell or T-cell, which allows for the recognition and response to a wide range of pathogens.
The V(D)J recombination process is essential to the immune system as it generates a vast range of antigen specificities, allowing us to respond to countless pathogens. However, gene segment rearrangements can also lead to genomic instability and the development of cancer if the process goes wrong.
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