Molecules that are common on pathogens (such as viruses and bacteria) but not expressed in vertebrate cells are called _____________________________.
Molecules that are common on pathogens but not expressed in vertebrate cells are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Molecules that are common on pathogens but not expressed in vertebrate cells are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
PAMPs are essential components of pathogens that are recognized by the innate immune system of vertebrates. These molecules are usually conserved structures that are not found in the host organism. They can be found on the surface of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms. Examples of PAMPs include lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found in bacterial cell walls, flagellin found in flagella of bacteria, viral double-stranded RNA, and fungal cell wall components like β-glucans.
The recognition of PAMPs by the innate immune system triggers an immune response that helps in pathogen clearance. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, bind to specific PAMPs. This recognition initiates a cascade of events that lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and the activation of other immune cells. This response aims to eliminate the invading pathogens and prevent further infection.
PAMPs are distinct from molecules expressed by vertebrate cells, known as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are endogenous molecules released or expressed by damaged cells, indicating tissue injury or cell death. DAMPs can also activate the immune response, causing inflammation and tissue repair. Examples of DAMPs include high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein released from damaged host cells and extracellular ATP released during cell stress or injury.
Understanding the distinction between PAMPs and DAMPs is crucial in immunology and the development of therapies to combat infectious diseases. By targeting the recognition and activation of PAMPs, researchers can potentially design drugs or vaccines that specifically target pathogens while avoiding harmful effects on the host.
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