Chromosomes
rod-shaped structure of DNA that organizes DNA genes
Chromosomes are structures found within the nucleus of a cell that contain genetic information in the form of DNA. They are made up of a combination of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and they play a critical role in cell division and the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.
In humans, there are typically 46 chromosomes, with 23 pairs that include one chromosome inherited from each parent. The sex chromosomes, which determine an individual’s gender, are typically either XX for females or XY for males. Abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes can result in genetic disorders or diseases such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, or cancer.
Chromosomes undergo a process called replication during cell division. Before cells divide, the chromosomes are duplicated so that each new cell will get a complete copy of the genetic information. Then, the chromosomes align and separate during mitosis in a carefully controlled process to ensure that each new cell gets a full complement of chromosomes.
Overall, the organization and function of chromosomes are essential for proper cell development and organism growth. Scientists continue to study chromosomes to learn more about genetic disorders and how to prevent or treat them.
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