Nitrogen Fixation
Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into a form of nitrogen that can be used by living organisms, such as ammonium (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3-). This process is essential for the growth and survival of plants and other organisms that require nitrogen to synthesize DNA, proteins, and other complex organic molecules.
Nitrogen fixation occurs in two major ways: biological and non-biological. Biological nitrogen fixation is the process by which certain bacteria and archaea convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which can then be utilized by plants. These microorganisms are called nitrogen-fixing bacteria and live symbiotically with certain types of plants such as legumes, or in free-living soil environments. The most commonly known nitrogen-fixing bacteria are genera such as Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Azotobacter.
On the other hand, non-biological nitrogen fixation occurs through natural processes such as lightning, fires, and volcanoes. During these events, atmospheric nitrogen is converted into oxides of nitrogen (NOx) that can then be utilized by plants.
In addition, synthetic nitrogen fixation is a human-made process that produces synthetic fertilizers through the Haber-Bosch process. This process involves using high pressure and temperature to convert atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen gas into ammonia, which can then be used as a fertilizer.
In summary, Nitrogen fixation is a critical process for the growth and survival of living organisms and is mediated through both biological and non-biological processes.
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