Understanding Nitric Acid: Properties, Preparation, Uses, and Safety Guidelines

Nitric acid

HNO₃

Nitric acid, also known as aqua fortis, is a highly corrosive and dangerous inorganic acid with the chemical formula HNO3. It is a colorless or yellow liquid that has a pungent and suffocating odor.

Uses:
Nitric acid is widely used in various industrial processes, including the manufacture of fertilizers, dyes, and explosives. It is also used in the petroleum industry as a reagent for refining crude oil, and in the etching of metals.

Properties:
Nitric acid is a very strong oxidizing agent and can react violently with many organic and inorganic materials. It is highly soluble in water and can cause severe burns on skin contact. Nitric acid can also react with metals to form hydrogen gas, which can be dangerous if not handled properly.

Preparation:
Nitric acid can be prepared by the oxidation of ammonia, which produces nitrogen dioxide and water. These products can then react to form nitric acid:

4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)
2 NO (g) + O2 (g) → 2 NO2 (g)
3 NO2 (g) + H2O (l) → 2 HNO3 (aq) + NO (g)

Or, nitric acid can also be produced by the reaction of sulfuric acid and a nitrate salt, such as potassium nitrate:

H2SO4 (aq) + KNO3 (aq) → KHSO4 (aq) + HNO3 (aq)

Handling and safety:
Nitric acid is a highly corrosive and dangerous substance that requires proper handling and safety precautions. It should be stored in a cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers. When handling nitric acid, it is important to wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves, goggles, and a lab coat. In case of skin contact, the area should be flushed with water for at least 15 minutes and medical attention should be sought immediately.

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