fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids
Stroma
The fluid portion of the chloroplast outside of the thylakoids is called stroma. Stroma is a semi-liquid substance that contains various enzymes, ribosomes, DNA, and other essential molecules required for various metabolic processes of the chloroplast.
Stroma is the site of the Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis. In this process, carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using the energy from ATP and NADPH generated during the light-dependent reactions that take place in the thylakoid membranes.
In addition to the functions mentioned above, the stroma also plays a crucial role in the synthesis of starch, fatty acids, and amino acids. Thus, stroma is a hub for various metabolic processes that occur in the chloroplast and is essential for the functioning of this organelle in photosynthesis and other anabolic pathways.
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