Exine
Outer layer wall of a pollen grain
Exine refers to the outer layer of the pollen grain in plants. It is a highly structured, durable coat made up of sporopollenin, a complex molecule composed of fatty acids and phenolic compounds. The exine protects the pollen from desiccation, physical damage, and environmental stresses such as radiation and pollutants. The surface of the exine is often covered in pores, ridges, and other protrusions that help with adhesion and recognition by pollinators. The structure and ornamentation of the exine can vary greatly between plant species and can be used for taxonomic classification and identification of pollen fossils. Overall, the exine plays a crucial role in the reproduction and survival of plants.
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