active site
a specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
The active site is a specific region or pocket within an enzyme or a protein that binds to its substrate molecules and catalyzes a chemical reaction. It is the site of enzymatic activity and determines the specificity of the substrate for the enzyme. The shape and chemical properties of the active site are precisely matched to the shape and chemical properties of its substrate.
The active site is formed by a few amino acid residues of the enzyme or protein that come together to create a specialized microenvironment that is critical for catalysis. These amino acids provide the necessary functional groups and catalytic residues that participate in the chemical reaction. The active site may also contain cofactors, such as metal ions or organic molecules, which assist in catalysis.
The active site undergoes a conformational change upon binding of the substrate, which facilitates the reaction by bringing the substrate molecules into the right orientation to interact with each other. Once the reaction is complete, the enzyme releases the product and returns to its original state, ready to bind and catalyze another substrate molecule.
Understanding the active site of an enzyme or protein is important for developing drugs that target specific proteins in the body. By studying the active site, researchers can design drugs that selectively inhibit or enhance the activity of a specific protein, which can be useful in treating diseases or disorders.
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