What are the layers of the heart wall?
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
The heart wall consists of three layers:
1. Epicardium: This is the outermost thin protective layer of the heart wall. It is also called the visceral pericardium as it is continuous with the parietal pericardium, which forms the sac around the heart. The epicardium is made up of a layer of connective tissue covered by a layer of mesothelium.
2. Myocardium: This is the middle and thickest layer of the heart wall. It is made up of cardiac muscle cells that are responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. The myocardium contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves that help to nourish the heart muscle.
3. Endocardium: This is the innermost layer of the heart wall, which lines the chambers of the heart, including the valves. It is made up of specialized endothelial cells that help to prevent blood clotting and regulate blood flow. The endocardium is also in contact with the blood that circulates through the heart, and it helps to maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and other substances in the bloodstream.
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