Layers of the Epidermis: A Comprehensive Guide.

Epidermis layers (deep to superficial)

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin that acts as a protective barrier between the body and the environment. It is composed of four main layers, which are arranged in a deep-to-superficial order. These layers are:

1. Stratum basale (basal layer or germinative layer): This is the deepest layer of the epidermis and is composed of actively dividing cells. It contains stem cells that continually divide to produce new cells that move upward into the other layers of the epidermis. The stratum basale also contains the melanocytes that produce pigment called melanin, which gives color to the skin.

2. Stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer): This layer contains cells that are produced by the stratum basale and are pushed upward. These cells are spiny in appearance due to the presence of intercellular bridges called desmosomes, which help to bind the cells together.

3. Stratum granulosum (granular layer): This layer consists of flattened cells that have stopped dividing and started producing keratin, a protein that provides protection for the skin. The cells in this layer also contain granules that help to maintain the integrity of the skin.

4. Stratum corneum (horny layer): This is the most superficial layer of the epidermis, which consists of dead, flat cells that are constantly being shed from the surface of the skin. This layer provides the main barrier to the environment and protects the skin from damage and dehydration.

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