arrector pili muscle
The small, involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle that cause goose flesh, sometimes called goose bumps, and papillae
The arrector pili muscle is a small muscle that is connected to hair follicles in mammals, including humans. It is responsible for causing the hair to stand on end, a phenomenon commonly known as goosebumps or piloerection.
When the body experiences a sudden temperature change, stress, or excitement, the sympathetic nervous system sends a signal to the arrector pili muscle. The muscle contracts, pulling on the hair follicle, and causes the hair to stand up straight. This response is a primitive, but largely ineffective, defense mechanism that dates back to our early ancestors who had a much thicker layer of fur to keep them warm or to intimidate predators.
In addition to its role in creating goosebumps, the arrector pili muscle is also involved in the secretion of sebum, the oily substance that lubricates and waterproofs the hair and skin. The muscle itself is made up of smooth muscle tissue and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which means it usually operates unconsciously and independently of our will.
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