People who have color vision deficiency typically lack one or more of the three cones that are sensitive to a particular wavelength.
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Yes, people with color vision deficiency usually lack one or more types of cones that are sensitive to detecting a certain wavelength of light. This leads to difficulty in distinguishing between certain colors or seeing them in the same way as individuals with normal color vision.
The three types of cones are called S-cones, M-cones, and L-cones. S-cones are sensitive to short-wavelength light and are responsible for detecting blue colors. M-cones are sensitive to medium-wavelength light and are responsible for detecting green colors. L-cones are sensitive to long-wavelength light and are responsible for detecting red colors.
Individuals with color deficiency may lack one or more of these cones. For example, a person with protanopia (also known as red-green color blindness) lacks the L-cones that are sensitive to long-wavelength light. As a result, they have difficulty distinguishing between red and green colors and may perceive them as the same color.
It’s important to note that color deficiency isn’t the same as total color blindness, where a person can’t see any colors at all. Rather, it’s a partial or limited ability to distinguish between certain colors.
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Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision: Explanation of how humans perceive color through three types of cones in the eye.