Not Zeckendorf

Consider the Fibonacci sequence $\{1,2,3,5,8,13,21,\ldots\}$.

We let $f(n)$ be the number of ways of representing an integer $n\ge 0$ as the sum of different Fibonacci numbers.
For example, $16 = 3+13 = 1+2+13 = 3+5+8 = 1+2+5+8$ and hence $f(16) = 4$.
By convention $f(0) = 1$.

Further we define
$$S(n) = \sum_{k=0}^n f(k).$$
You are given $S(100) = 415$ and $S(10^4) = 312807$.

Find $\displaystyle S(10^{13})$.

To solve this problem, we first need to determine the number of ways to represent an integer `n` as the sum of different Fibonacci numbers. Let’s write a Python function to calculate `f(n)`.

“`python
def f(n):
fibonacci = [1, 2]
ways = [1] + [0] * n

for num in fibonacci:
for i in range(num, n+1):
ways[i] += ways[i – num]

return ways[n]
“`

The `fibonacci` list contains the Fibonacci numbers, starting with 1 and 2. The `ways` list is initialized to have `0` in all positions except the first position, which is set to `1` to handle the base case `f(0) = 1`.

We then iterate over each Fibonacci number in the `fibonacci` list and update the `ways` list. For each number `num`, we update `ways[i]` by adding the number of ways to represent `i – num` using the previous Fibonacci numbers.

Next, we need to calculate `S(n)` up to `n = 10^13`. To do this, we can utilize the fact that `S(n)` is the sum of all `f(k)` for `k` ranging from `0` to `n`. Since `f(n)` can be calculated efficiently, we can avoid recalculating the same values multiple times.

“`python
def S(n):
fibonacci_sum = [0] * (n+1)

for i in range(n+1):
fibonacci_sum[i] = fibonacci_sum[i-1] + f(i)

return fibonacci_sum[n]
“`

The `fibonacci_sum` list is initialized to have `0` in all positions. We then iterate over each number `i` from `0` to `n` and calculate the cumulative sum of `f(k)` from `0` to `i`. This is stored in the `fibonacci_sum` list. Finally, we return `fibonacci_sum[n]` which represents `S(n)`.

Now, let’s calculate `S(10^13)` using the provided functions.

“`python
result = S(10**13)
print(result)
“`

This will output the value of `S(10^13)`. However, note that calculating `S(10^13)` will take a significant amount of time and computational resources. Consider using a more efficient algorithm or finding a different approach to solve the problem if the solution takes too long.

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