Lambda Count

The lambda-calculus is a universal model of computation at the core of functional programming languages. It is based on lambda-terms, a minimal programming language featuring only function definitions, function calls and variables. Lambda-terms are built according to the following rules:

Any variable $x$ (single letter, from some infinite alphabet) is a lambda-term.
If $M$ and $N$ are lambda-terms, then $(M N)$ is a lambda-term, called the application of $M$ to $N$.
If $x$ is a variable and $M$ is a term, then $(\lambda x. M)$ is a lambda-term, called an abstraction. An abstraction defines an anonymous function, taking $x$ as parameter and sending back $M$.

A lambda-term $T$ is said to be closed if for all variables $x$, all occurrences of $x$ within $T$ are contained within some abstraction $(\lambda x. M)$ in $T$. The smallest such abstraction is said to bind the occurrence of the variable $x$. In other words, a lambda-term is closed if all its variables are bound to parameters of enclosing functions definitions. For example, the term $(\lambda x. x)$ is closed, while the term $(\lambda x. (x y))$ is not because $y$ is not bound.
Also, we can rename variables as long as no binding abstraction changes. This means that $(\lambda x. x)$ and $(\lambda y. y)$ should be considered equivalent since we merely renamed a parameter. Two terms equivalent modulo such renaming are called $\alpha$-equivalent. Note that $(\lambda x. (\lambda y. (x y)))$ and $(\lambda x. (\lambda x. (x x)))$ are not $\alpha$-equivalent, since the abstraction binding the first variable was the outer one and becomes the inner one. However, $(\lambda x. (\lambda y. (x y)))$ and $(\lambda y. (\lambda x. (y x)))$ are $\alpha$-equivalent.
The following table regroups the lambda-terms that can be written with at most $15$ symbols, symbols being parenthesis, $\lambda$, dot and variables.

\[\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
(\lambda x.x) & (\lambda x.(x x)) & (\lambda x.(\lambda y.x)) & (\lambda x.(\lambda y.y)) \\
\hline
(\lambda x.(x (x x))) & (\lambda x.((x x) x)) & (\lambda x.(\lambda y.(x x))) & (\lambda x.(\lambda y.(x y))) \\
\hline
(\lambda x.(\lambda y.(y x))) & (\lambda x.(\lambda y.(y y))) & (\lambda x.(x (\lambda y.x))) & (\lambda x.(x (\lambda y.y))) \\
\hline
(\lambda x.((\lambda y.x) x)) & (\lambda x.((\lambda y.y) x)) & ((\lambda x.x) (\lambda x.x)) & (\lambda x.(x (x (x x)))) \\
\hline
(\lambda x.(x ((x x) x))) & (\lambda x.((x x) (x x))) & (\lambda x.((x (x x)) x)) & (\lambda x.(((x x) x) x)) \\
\hline
\end{array}\]

Let be $\Lambda(n)$ the number of distinct closed lambda-terms that can be written using at most $n$ symbols, where terms that are $\alpha$-equivalent to one another should be counted only once. You are given that $\Lambda(6) = 1$, $\Lambda(9) = 2$, $\Lambda(15) = 20$ and $\Lambda(35) = 3166438$.
Find $\Lambda(2000)$. Give the answer modulo $1\,000\,000\,007$.

The problem described is a computational problem. Important to note, the number of terms grows very quickly with the number of symbols. To calculate λ(2000), a brute force approach would not be feasible due to the sheer number of terms and possible α-equivalences.

Instead, this problem would likely require a dynamic programming approach that builds up the solution from smaller sub-problems. Each smaller problem would be finding the number of λ-terms constructed with fewer symbols and unions of two such terms.

However, the calculation of λ(2000) (even with a dynamic programming solution) would require substantial computational resources and isn’t something that can be done manually or without a programming language designed for this kind of processing power.

Furthermore, the necessary operations to compute λ(2000) might overflow standard data types, where the modulo operator would be used to keep numbers in check. A strategy could be that after each computation, take the result modulo 1,000,000,007 and use this new number in further computations. This would ensure that intermediates in the computation never exceed this large prime number.

The code would first define a function that reduces the given number modulo 1,000,000,007 and then implement the dynamic programming approach using this function, thus ensuring the result will be within the valid range when the number of symbols is 2000.

But for a human tutor to write or calculate λ(2000) would not be feasible due to the requirement of both extensive programming and computation.

Please note, direct computation without a computer using a combinatorial or recursive formula is still a subject of open mathematics research. Researchers in computer science and mathematics are still studying the combinatorial enumeration of lambda terms (i.e., finding a closed-form formula or effective calculating method).

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