a) stroma-the dense fluid surrounded between the inner envelope membrane and the thylakoid membranesb) thylakoid membrane-the third membrane system; surrounds the thylakoid; chrorophyll resides in the thylakoid membranec)cytosol- the fluid portion of cytoplasm surrounding (outside) the chloroplastd) location of Calvin Cycle-the calvin cycle occurs in the stromae) thylakoid space-the space within the thylakoid sacsf)location of light reactions-the light reactions occur in the thylakoids of the chloroplastg) envelope membranes-the inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast The chloroplast is enclosed by a pair of envelope membranes (inner and outer) that separate the interior of the chloroplast from the surrounding cytosol of the cell. Inside the chloroplast, the chlorophyll-containing thylakoid membranes are the site of the light reactions.Between the inner envelope membrane and the thylakoid membranes is the aqueous stroma, which is the location of the reactions of the Calvin cycle. Inside the thylakoid membranes is the thylakoid space, where protons accumulate during ATP synthesis in the light reactions.
a) Stroma: The stroma is the dense fluid that is surrounded by the inner envelope membrane and the thylakoid membranes
a) Stroma: The stroma is the dense fluid that is surrounded by the inner envelope membrane and the thylakoid membranes. It is similar to the cytosol in the cell and acts as the site for several biochemical reactions, including those of the Calvin cycle.
b) Thylakoid Membrane: The thylakoid membrane is a system of membranes that forms flattened sacs called thylakoids within the chloroplast. These membranes contain chlorophyll and other pigments, which are responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis.
c) Cytosol: The cytosol is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the chloroplast. It contains various molecules necessary for cellular metabolism and acts as a medium for biochemical reactions.
d) Location of Calvin Cycle: The Calvin cycle, which is the second stage of photosynthesis, occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. This cycle involves a series of chemical reactions that use the energy from the light reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
e) Thylakoid Space: The thylakoid space refers to the space within the thylakoid sacs of the chloroplast. During the light reactions of photosynthesis, protons (H+) accumulate in the thylakoid space, creating a proton gradient that is crucial for the synthesis of ATP.
f) Location of Light Reactions: The light reactions occur in the thylakoids of the chloroplast. These reactions involve the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membrane. The captured energy is then used to generate ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH, which are essential for the Calvin cycle.
g) Envelope Membranes: The envelope membranes refer to the inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast. They enclose the chloroplast and separate its interior from the surrounding cytosol. The inner envelope membrane surrounds the stroma and helps regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the chloroplast. The outer envelope membrane acts as the outer boundary of the chloroplast and is more permeable to small molecules.
Overall, the chloroplast is a specialized organelle in plant cells that contains thylakoid membranes, stroma, and envelope membranes. These components work together to carry out the process of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
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