Understanding Frameshift Mutations: Causes, Effects, and Implications for Protein Synthesis

mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a base

The mutation we are referring to is called a frameshift mutation

The mutation we are referring to is called a frameshift mutation. Frameshift mutations occur when a base is either inserted or deleted in the DNA sequence, which causes a shift in the “reading” frame of the genetic message. This means that the normal sequence of three bases, called a codon, that is read during protein synthesis is disrupted.

During protein synthesis, the DNA sequence is transcribed into a complementary RNA sequence. This RNA sequence is then translated into a protein, following the genetic code. The genetic code is read in sets of three bases, each codon coding for a specific amino acid or signaling the start or stop of the protein synthesis process.

In a frameshift mutation, the insertion or deletion of a single base disrupts the grouping of three bases into codons. This shift alters the reading frame of the genetic message, resulting in an entirely different sequence of codons and, consequently, a different amino acid sequence in the resulting protein.

The impact of frameshift mutations can vary depending on the size and position of the insertion or deletion. In most cases, frameshift mutations are highly detrimental as they can lead to the production of non-functional proteins or the truncation of the protein due to premature stop codons. These non-functional or truncated proteins may not be able to perform their intended biological functions, affecting normal cellular processes.

Frameshift mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication or as a result of exposure to mutagenic agents, such as certain chemicals or radiation. Examples of diseases caused by frameshift mutations include Tay-Sachs disease and cystic fibrosis.

In conclusion, frameshift mutations occur when a base is either inserted or deleted in the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame and leading to a different sequence of codons during protein synthesis. These mutations can have significant consequences on protein structure and function, often resulting in non-functional or truncated proteins.

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