prepoinsulin
the complete protein
Preproinsulin is a protein that is produced in pancreatic beta cells and is a precursor to insulin. Preproinsulin is a single chain polypeptide that consists of 110 amino acids. It is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and undergoes various processing steps to eventually form insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.
During processing in the ER, preproinsulin undergoes cleavage of an N-terminal signal peptide, which generates proinsulin, a molecule that consists of an A chain, a B chain and a C peptide. Proinsulin is then transported to the Golgi apparatus, where it undergoes further packaging and processing. This includes cleavage of the C peptide and formation of disulfide bonds between the A and B chains.
In healthy individuals, insulin production and secretion are tightly regulated, ensuring that the body maintains normal blood glucose levels. However, in people with diabetes, this regulation is faulty, leading to either insufficient insulin production (Type 1 diabetes) or insulin resistance (Type 2 diabetes). Understanding the mechanisms underlying insulin production and secretion, including the processing of preproinsulin, is important for developing treatments for diabetes.
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