parathyroid glands
small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues
The parathyroid glands are small, hormone-secreting glands located near the thyroid gland in the neck. There are typically four parathyroid glands, with two located on each side of the thyroid gland. The main function of the parathyroid glands is to produce and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is responsible for regulating the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood.
When blood calcium levels are low, the parathyroid glands release PTH, which stimulates the release of calcium from the bones, increases the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and enhances the absorption of calcium from the intestines, all of which raise blood calcium levels. Additionally, PTH inhibits the reabsorption of phosphate in the kidneys, which helps to decrease the levels of phosphate in the blood.
Conversely, when blood calcium levels are high, the parathyroid glands reduce the amount of PTH released, which helps to decrease blood calcium levels. Disorders of the parathyroid glands can result in under- or over-secretion of PTH, leading to the medical conditions of hypoparathyroidism or hyperparathyroidism, respectively.
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