Graves disease process
T cells/plasma cells/Macrophages accumulate -> secrete TNF-a/IFN-y -> GAG secreted by eye -> mature into adipocytes -> edema
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland, leading to the overproduction of thyroid hormone (thyroxine or T4) by the gland. This is due to the presence of auto-antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, leading to enlargement and overactivity.
The immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland as if it were a foreign invader, resulting in inflammation and damage to the gland. This damage causes the thyroid gland to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism.
The overproduction of thyroid hormones causes many symptoms, including weight loss, increased appetite, sweating, anxiety, irritability, tremors, fatigue, and irregular heartbeat. It can also lead to the enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter) or bulging eyes (Graves’ ophthalmopathy).
Graves’ disease can be diagnosed by a combination of physical examination, blood tests measuring thyroid hormone levels and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, as well as imaging studies like ultrasound to visualize the thyroid gland. Treatment options may include medications to lower thyroid hormone production or radioactive iodine to shrink the thyroid gland. In severe cases, surgery to remove the thyroid gland may be necessary.
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