Revolutionizing DNA sequencing: A comparative review of Sanger, NGS, and emerging technologies

List 8 DNA sequencing technologies

Sanger sequencingNGSIlluminaPyrosequencingABI SOLiDIon TorrentPac BioComplete Genomics

1. Sanger sequencing: This is one of the earliest DNA sequencing methods and is still in use today as a reliable and widely-used method. In Sanger sequencing, DNA fragments are amplified, labeled with dideoxy nucleotide terminators that bond to the DNA sequence, and then the fragments are separated based on their size using capillary electrophoresis.

2. Next-generation sequencing (NGS): This is a newer, more advanced technology that enables the simultaneous processing of millions of DNA fragments, allowing researchers to sequence entire genomes within a short period of time. NGS technologies include Illumina HiSeq, Roche 454, Ion Torrent, and PacBio.

3. Oxford Nanopore Technologies: This is a new technology that relies on the electrical conductivity of DNA to sequence the molecule. It involves detecting changes in ion flow through a tiny pore as single stranded DNA passes through. Oxford Nanopore technologies can sequence different kinds of DNA molecules, such as single-stranded and circular molecules, with high accuracy.

4. Pyrosequencing: This is a sequencing method that uses a series of enzymatic reactions to detect DNA nucleotide incorporation in real time. Pyrosequencing is faster and more precise than Sanger sequencing, with read lengths exceeding 1000bp. Roche 454 is one of the most popular platforms to perform pyrosequencing.

5. Polony Sequencing: This is a platform that utilizes the concept of cloning and amplification. Single DNA molecules are amplified and immobilized on polystyrene micro beads, then these microbeads are randomly placed in a microwell containing primers and nucleotides for DNA synthesis.

6. Solid sequencing: This technology involves a ligation-based sequencing method, followed by sequencing by synthesis, which ensures high resolution and accuracy, particularly in difficult to sequence regions.

7. Helicos Single Molecule Sequencing: with this technology, single nucleotide readouts are obtained using fluorescence technology, with sequence information obtained from multiple copies of single stranded DNA sequences.

8. Ion Torrent sequencing: This technology relies on the ionization of hydrogen ions by nucleotide incorporation which provides the basis for sequencing the DNA sequence. The combination of emulsion PCR and sequencing by synthesis leads to reliable results and no false positives.

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