catabolic
(also, catabolism) pathways in which complex molecules break down into simpler ones
“Catabolic” refers to metabolic processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process.
In the context of biology, catabolic reactions are typically involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which releases energy that cells can use to carry out work. For example, when glucose is broken down during cellular respiration, it is converted into carbon dioxide and water, and energy is released that is used to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of the cell.
Catabolic reactions can be contrasted with anabolic reactions, which involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, and typically require energy input rather than releasing energy. Together, catabolic and anabolic reactions make up the metabolism of an organism, which involves the constant cycling of molecules and energy to maintain the functions of the cell and the body as a whole.
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