Melanocytes
cells that produce melanin
Melanocytes are specialized cells found in the skin, hair follicles, eyes, inner ear, and meninges (protective covering of the brain and spinal cord). These cells produce and distribute a pigment called melanin, which gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Melanin also helps protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays by absorbing the UV radiation and preventing DNA damage that can lead to skin cancer.
Melanocytes are located in the basal layer of the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. They are derived from neural crest cells and are characterized by their long, branching processes that extend between the keratinocytes in the epidermis. Melanocytes produce melanin by a process called melanogenesis, which involves the enzyme tyrosinase converting tyrosine (an amino acid) into melanin precursors.
The amount and distribution of melanin produced by melanocytes is determined by genetic factors, sun exposure, and hormonal influences. Darker skin tones have more active melanocytes and produce more melanin, while lighter skin tones have less and produce less. In addition, exposure to UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin, which leads to a tan.
Abnormalities in melanocyte function can lead to skin disorders such as vitiligo, where melanocytes are destroyed and patches of skin lose their pigment, and melanoma, which is a type of skin cancer that originates from melanocytes.
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