Basics of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle: Phases and Processes Explained

Cell cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

The cell cycle is a sequence of events that occurs in a eukaryotic cell (cell that possesses a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles) leading to its division and duplication (replication). The cell cycle consists of two distinct phases – interphase and mitotic phase.

Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and performs its normal metabolic functions. It can be further divided into three subphases:

1. G1 phase: During this phase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes RNA and proteins needed for DNA replication.

2. S phase: During this phase, DNA replication takes place, resulting in two identical copies of the genetic material (chromosomes).

3. G2 phase: During this phase, the cell continues to grow and synthesizes proteins needed for cell division.

The mitotic phase is a shorter phase of the cell cycle where the cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells. The mitotic phase can also be divided into four stages:

1. Prophase: During this stage, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, nuclear envelope begins to break down, and spindle fibers begin to form.

2. Metaphase: During this stage, chromosomes align in the middle of the cell and attach to spindle fibers.

3. Anaphase: During this stage, spindle fibers pull apart sister chromatids and move them to opposite poles of the cell.

4. Telophase: During this stage, nuclear envelopes reform around two sets of chromosomes, the spindle fibers break down, and the cell prepares for cytokinesis (final stage of cell division).

Cytokinesis is the process of dividing the cytoplasm and organelles between two daughter cells. This process is accomplished differently in plant and animal cells. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms in the cell membrane, which eventually deepens to divide the cell into two daughter cells. In plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two daughter nuclei and develops into a new cell wall, dividing the cell into two daughter cells.

Overall, the cell cycle is a vital process that ensures proper growth and functioning of cells. Any disruptions or errors in this process may lead to serious health issues, including cancer.

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