What are the main cells to release cytokines?
Immune cells – potentially endothelial cells when they are infected
The main cells to release cytokines are immune cells, including macrophages, T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells. Cytokines are signaling molecules that enable communication between cells of the immune system and play an essential role in immune responses. Different cytokines are released by different immune cells depending on the type of infection or injury that the body is fighting against. Macrophages, for example, release pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in response to an infection. T cells secrete cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) to promote the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells. B cells secrete cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) to promote antibody production and regulate immune responses. NK cells produce cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to activate macrophages and other immune cells. Dendritic cells secrete a range of cytokines to initiate and regulate immune responses.
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