DNA
Double stranded helix that contains the genetic information
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the genetic material that carries the instructions for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms. DNA is made up of building blocks called nucleotides, which consist of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The four nitrogenous bases found in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
The sequence of these four nitrogenous bases determines the genetic information that is encoded in the DNA. The order of the nitrogenous bases is read in groups of three, known as codons, which represent specific amino acids. These amino acids are linked together to form proteins, which are the building blocks of all living organisms.
DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes, which are found in the nucleus of cells. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. The DNA within these chromosomes is tightly packed into a structure called chromatin. During cell division, the chromatin condenses even further to form distinct structures called sister chromatids, which are separated into two daughter cells.
DNA replication is the process by which cells make an identical copy of their DNA before cell division. This enables each daughter cell to receive a complete set of genetic information. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is another type of nucleic acid that plays a key role in the expression of genes, as well as in the processing and transport of genetic information.
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