There are three common measures of stratifications that can be viewed as individual characteristics but also structural characteristics of particular populations-with consequences for health outcomes
Age, gender, race/ethnicity
The three common measures of stratification that can be viewed as individual characteristics but also structural characteristics of particular populations – with consequences for health outcomes – are:
1) Socioeconomic Status (SES): SES is a measure of an individual’s economic and social standing within society. This measure takes into account factors such as education, income, and occupation. Research shows that individuals from lower SES backgrounds are at higher risk of experiencing poor health outcomes when compared to individuals from higher SES backgrounds. These health outcomes include chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.
2) Race and Ethnicity: Race and ethnicity are measures of an individual’s cultural and ancestral background. Research has shown that individuals from certain racial and ethnic backgrounds are at higher risk of experiencing poor health outcomes when compared to individuals from other racial and ethnic backgrounds. For example, Black and Hispanic individuals in the United States are more likely to experience health disparities such as higher rates of infant mortality, lower life expectancy, and higher rates of chronic conditions compared to white individuals.
3) Gender: Gender refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female. Research shows that gender can impact health outcomes in various ways. For example, women are more likely to experience certain health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and autoimmune diseases compared to men. Additionally, gender can impact access to healthcare, with women often experiencing greater barriers to healthcare access due to factors such as lower income and responsibility for caring for children and other family members.
As a professional tutor, it is important to understand that these measures of stratification are interconnected, and that they can interact and compound one another in ways that can contribute to disparities in health outcomes. It is also important to approach discussions of these topics with sensitivity and to avoid perpetuating stereotypes or stigmatizing particular groups of individuals.
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