Understanding the International System: A Comprehensive Overview of Neorealism Theory in International Relations

Neorealism

(Waltz) Critical of attributing causality to “human nature;” Instead, emphasized the pursuit of security, with power serving as a means rather than an end; additional emphasis on international anarchy and the distribution of power in the system (L&T).

Neorealism is a theory of international relations that emphasizes the anarchic nature of the international system, and asserts that states are the principal actors in world politics. It emerged after World War II and gained popularity during the Cold War, in response to the failure of idealism and the belief that cooperation and peace could be achieved through international institutions and norms.

The main tenet of neorealism, also known as structural realism, is that the distribution of power in the international system is the main determinant of state behavior. This means that states are rational actors who seek to maximize their own security and survival, and must take into account the power and intentions of other states in order to do so. Therefore, neorealists argue that states are in a constant state of competition and conflict, and that war is a likely outcome when one state perceives a threat or imbalance of power.

Neorealism is distinguished from classical realism, which asserted that human nature and the desire for power and glory were the main drivers of state behavior. Neorealists dismiss the role of individual leaders and focus instead on the broader structural forces that shape state behavior.

Some criticisms of neorealism include its focus on state power at the expense of non-state actors and international norms, its lack of attention to domestic factors that influence foreign policy decisions, and its pessimistic view of international relations as a zero-sum game. However, neorealism has remained a prominent theory in international relations and has influenced the policies of many states.

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