Teratogens: Understanding Their Role in Fetal Development and Birth Defects

teratogens

agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Teratogens are agents or substances that cause abnormalities or malformations in the developing fetus. These can include environmental factors such as chemicals, viruses, or radiation, as well as pharmaceuticals, drugs, and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Exposure to teratogens during critical periods of fetal development can cause disruption to normal cell growth and development, leading to structural, functional, or behavioral birth defects.

Examples of teratogens include:

1. Alcohol – Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), which can range from mild to severe and include physical, behavioral, and intellectual disabilities.

2. Tobacco – Smoking increases the risk of premature birth, low birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

3. Radiation – Exposure to high levels of radiation during pregnancy can increase the risk of birth defects and childhood cancer.

4. Medications – Certain medications such as thalidomide, valproic acid, and isotretinoin can cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy.

5. Environmental toxins – Exposure to environmental toxins such as lead, mercury, and pesticides can cause birth defects and developmental delays.

Pregnant women should avoid exposure to known teratogens whenever possible, and should consult with their healthcare provider about any medications or substances they are considering during pregnancy.

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