What is the Cultural Differences argument in favor of Cultural Relativism? Why does James Rachels reject the argument? Explain his reasoning.
People’s moral norms differ from culture to culture, so moral norms are not objective but relative, implying that no moral facts exist.James Rachels rejects this by saying that it does not work because the argument is invalid (the premise does not guarantee the conclusion reached).
The cultural differences argument in favor of cultural relativism suggests that different cultures have distinct moral beliefs, values, and practices that are shaped by their historical and social contexts. Cultural relativists argue that there is no objective or universal standard of morality that could be used to judge the practices of other cultures. Instead, they contend that moral judgments should be based on the cultural norms and values of each society.
However, James Rachels rejects the cultural differences argument by pointing out that it leads to several problematic implications. First, cultural relativism implies that there is no room for moral progress or improvement, since all moral beliefs and practices are equally valid within their respective cultural contexts. This means that practices such as slavery, female genital mutilation, and human sacrifice would be considered acceptable as long as they are part of a culture’s moral framework.
Rachels also argues that the cultural differences argument assumes that cultures are homogeneous and static, which is not accurate. Cultures are diverse and constantly changing, and not all members of a culture share the same moral beliefs and practices. Therefore, the idea that cultural norms and values can be used to make moral judgments is flawed.
Additionally, Rachels points out that the cultural differences argument fails to acknowledge the fact that cultures sometimes clash with each other. What happens when two cultures have conflicting moral beliefs and practices? Without an objective standard of morality, it would be difficult to resolve these conflicts and determine which practices should be favored.
Overall, James Rachels rejects the cultural differences argument in favor of cultural relativism because it leads to morally problematic implications, assumes cultural homogeneity, and fails to provide a framework for resolving moral conflicts between cultures.
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