Understanding Acquired Alcohol Tolerance

What is the mechanism behind “acquired” alcohol tolerance?

“Acquired” alcohol tolerance refers to an individual’s increased ability to tolerate higher amounts of alcohol over time. There are several mechanisms that contribute to this phenomenon:

1. Enzyme induction: One major factor behind acquired alcohol tolerance is the increased production and activity of enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism. The primary enzyme responsible for breaking down alcohol in the body is called alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which converts alcohol into acetaldehyde. Another enzyme, called aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), further converts acetaldehyde into a less toxic compound called acetate. With chronic alcohol consumption, the body adjusts by increasing the production of ADH and ALDH enzymes, allowing for more efficient metabolism and clearance of alcohol from the body. This increased enzyme activity leads to quicker alcohol elimination and consequently, the need for higher alcohol consumption to achieve the same level of intoxication.

2. Changes in brain chemistry: The brain adapts to chronic alcohol exposure through a variety of mechanisms. One significant adaptation occurs with the activation of the neurotransmitter system called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter responsible for suppressing neuronal activity. Alcohol enhances the effects of GABA, leading to sedation and relaxation. However, over time, the brain can develop tolerance to the sedative effects of GABA, requiring higher alcohol doses to achieve the same level of sedation.

3. Behavioral adaptation: Acquired alcohol tolerance can also arise from behavioral adaptations, such as learning to cope with the impairment caused by alcohol. Individuals who consistently consume high amounts of alcohol may develop strategies to function relatively normally despite being intoxicated. These strategies can include physical and cognitive adjustments that reduce the visible signs of intoxication, such as improved motor coordination or enhanced cognitive performance while under the influence.

It is important to note that while acquired alcohol tolerance may allow individuals to consume higher amounts of alcohol without experiencing immediate impairment, it does not protect against the long-term damaging effects of alcohol on various organs and health risks associated with excessive alcohol consumption.

More Answers: